![]() Arachnids constitute an important component of many cave ecosystems worldwide.Ĭaves constitute ideal study systems for investigating adaptation and speciation, as the abiotic conditions shared by aphotic habitats exert a set of environmental filters on their communities. We investigated the population genomics of two whip spider species: Sarax ioanniticus, a widely distributed parthenogenetic species found across the eastern Mediterranean and S. israelensis, a recently described troglomorphic species that is endemic to caves in Israel. israelensis is completely genetically distinct from S. ioanniticus and most likely also a parthenogen. Counterintuitively, despite the lack of genetic variability within S. israelensis, we discovered considerable variation in the degree of median eye reduction, particularly in the latter species. Natural history data from captive-bred specimens of S. A more fine-grained analysis of spatial autocorrelation is provided by calculation of a correlogram, which can be done in genodive for either population data or individual data. (He) or with GENODIVE, version 2.0b25 (Meirmans and Van Tienderen. the coordinates of populations), which can be combined in the statistical inferences. Data regarding germination and viability of non-germinated seeds was then considered. pairwise genetic distances between populations), and generic other data (e.g. SNPs from RAD sequencing), distance matrices (e.g. genodive implements both a principal components analysis (PCA), based on a matrix of withinindividual or withinpopulation allele frequencies, and a principal coordinates analysis (PCoA), based on a userspecified distance matrix. ![]() israelensis validated the interpretation of parthenogenesis. GenoDive can handle three different types of data: markerdata (e.g. For a correlogram, the matrix of geographical distances needs to be converted into a set of distance classes in the genodive GUI, this can be done in a dialogue that allows the use to choose between equidistant classes (breaks between classes are equally spaced) or equifrequent classes (where the spacing is changed. Our results are most consistent with a scenario of a sexual ancestral species that underwent speciation, followed by independent transitions to apomictic parthenogenesis in each of the two daughter species. respectively, using GenoDive (Meirmans & van Tienderen 2004). Moreover, the lack of genetic variability suggests that variation in eye morphology in S. Error rates were 0.02, 0.03, and 0.31 per sample and locus for AFLP, MSAP with MspI. Israelensis is driven exclusively by epigenetic mechanisms.
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